Virus Vaccines
07/05/2024The history of virus vaccines is very long. The earliest human virus vaccine can be traced back to the neural tissue rabies vaccine (NTV) developed between 1880 and 1882.
With the rapid development of engineering technology and genetic technology, except for a few backward areas, the virus vaccines used today are all purified vaccines, which are amplified by engineered cell lines (hamster kidney, Vero, human diploid cells) or avian embryos (chicken embryos, duck embryos). After efficient purification and extraction, they do not contain too many ineffective components and have very low side effects. At the same time, split subunit vaccines and adjuvant vaccines have been developed.
At present, the main categories of virus vaccines include influenza vaccine, rabies vaccine, hand, foot and mouth vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, hemorrhagic fever vaccine, measles vaccine, rubella vaccine, mumps vaccine, varicella/herpes zoster vaccine, polio vaccine, and new crown inactivated vaccine. It has played an important role in protecting human health.
The antigen component of the virus vaccine is the complete virus particle after attenuation or inactivation. The molecular weight of the virus particle is much higher than that of most molecules, so the extraction is relatively simple. Usually, good purity can be obtained by clarifying filtration, ultrafiltration concentration, inactivation, and molecular sieve (intracellular toxins require cell disruption, e.g. hepatitis A).
The main impurities of viral vaccines are serum components introduced during the culture process, as well as HCP and hcDNA. If necessary, ion exchange, hydrophobicity, and enzymatic hydrolysis can be added to further improve purity.
